So I just tried on my own server,

And as you can see the periodically runs, the initial scan was 9:32 and then when I check again it runs at 9:34... and then again at 9:36
now there is a bug, if I recall correctly, where the 1 minute interval gets checked against 60 seconds and hence will almost always be 60 seconds since last check and so only every other minute will it run... but if I understand correctly that should only apply to the 1 minute interval and not affect the larger intervals (it's due to the cron tasks running once per minute)
But the tasks are running for me.
I'd check your master to see if something is blocking either the Jenkins cron thread or one of the jenkins.util.Timer threads.
Additionally, there is a limit of 5 concurrent indexing/scanning tasks: https://github.com/jenkinsci/cloudbees-folder-plugin/blob/master/src/main/java/com/cloudbees/hudson/plugins/folder/computed/ThrottleComputationQueueTaskDispatcher.java#L49 so if you have other jobs that are say indexing GitHub and they have hit the GitHub rate limit, your indexing may just be blocked waiting for those to complete
Does it work for 5 minutes?
(Aside: Keep in mind that such aggressive scanning will get you rate limited by Bitbucket Cloud, so you probably want to set up webhook notification)
If it works for 5 minutes but not for 2 then that could well be a bug in the cloudbees-folders plugin.