I got my build process running with this command with plain text: (edited)

dotnet publish "FOLDERNAME\YOURPROJECTNAME.csproj" --configuration Test /p:PublishProfile=LOCATION-DEV /p:AssemblyVersion=1.0.%BUILD_NUMBER%.0 /p:FileVersion=1.0.%BUILD_NUMBER%.0 /p:UserName=DOMAIN/USER /p:Password=XXXXXXXXXXX

But when i change these values of username to this:
dotnet publish "FOLDERNAME\YOURPROJECTNAME.csproj" --configuration Test /p:PublishProfile=LOCATION-DEV /p:AssemblyVersion=1.0.%BUILD_NUMBER%.0 /p:FileVersion=1.0.%BUILD_NUMBER%.0 /p:UserName=%WDS_USERNAME% /p:Password=%WDS_PASSWORD%

I got this ouput:

C:\Program Files (x86)\Jenkins\workspace\PROJECT>dotnet publish "FOLDERNAME\YOURPROJECTNAME.csproj" --configuration Test /p:PublishProfile=OCATION-DEV /p:AssemblyVersion=1.0.373.0 /p:FileVersion=1.0.373.0 /p:UserName=*** /p:*****
Microsoft (R) Build Engine version 15.8.166+gd4e8d81a88 for .NET Core
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

MSBUILD : error MSB1006: Property is not valid.
*Switch: *****

For switch syntax, type "MSBuild /help"

It like it does his job -> for the output but the real command is not correct.