We stood up 2.176.2 Jenkins with similar plugins (latest version) without any problem. Not sure, if this is a plugin issue.
As per your comment, init.groovy should find all plugin classes and their dependencies. So we also tried installing it with workflow-cps-global-lib as mentioned in the pull request mentioned as a work around. However, when the docker container is getting initialized we can see the below logs where it says started all plugins and fails to find ivy eventually
Running from: /usr/share/jenkins/jenkins.war
webroot: EnvVars.masterEnvVars.get("JENKINS_HOME")
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:38 PM org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.Log initialized
INFO: Logging initialized @673ms to org.eclipse.jetty.util.log.JavaUtilLog
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:38 PM winstone.Logger logInternal
INFO: Beginning extraction from war file
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:39 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandler setContextPath
WARNING: Empty contextPath
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:39 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server doStart
INFO: jetty-9.4.z-SNAPSHOT; built: 2019-02-15T16:53:49.381Z; git: eb70b240169fcf1abbd86af36482d1c49826fa0b; jvm 1.8.0_222-b10
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.webapp.StandardDescriptorProcessor visitServlet
INFO: NO JSP Support for /, did not find org.eclipse.jetty.jsp.JettyJspServlet
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.session.DefaultSessionIdManager doStart
INFO: DefaultSessionIdManager workerName=node0
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.session.DefaultSessionIdManager doStart
INFO: No SessionScavenger set, using defaults
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.session.HouseKeeper startScavenging
INFO: node0 Scavenging every 660000ms
Jenkins home directory: /var/jenkins_home found at: EnvVars.masterEnvVars.get("JENKINS_HOME")
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.handler.ContextHandler doStart
INFO: Started w.@66971f6b{Jenkins v2.176.3,/,file:///var/jenkins_home/war/,AVAILABLE}
{/var/jenkins_home/war}
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.AbstractConnector doStart
INFO: Started ServerConnector@53499d85{HTTP/1.1,[http/1.1]}
{0.0.0.0:8080}
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM org.eclipse.jetty.server.Server doStart
INFO: Started @3387ms
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:40 PM winstone.Logger logInternal
INFO: Winstone Servlet Engine v4.0 running: controlPort=disabled
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:43 PM jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onAttained
INFO: Started initialization
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:43 PM jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onAttained
INFO: Listed all plugins
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:45 PM jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onAttained
INFO: Prepared all plugins
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:45 PM jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onAttained
INFO: Started all plugins
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:45 PM jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onAttained
INFO: Augmented all extensions
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:46 PM jenkins.InitReactorRunner$1 onAttained
INFO: Loaded all jobs
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:46 PM hudson.model.AsyncPeriodicWork$1 run
INFO: Started Download metadata
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:46 PM hudson.util.Retrier start
INFO: Attempt #1 to do the action check updates server
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:47 PM jenkins.util.groovy.GroovyHookScript execute
INFO: Executing /var/jenkins_home/init.groovy.d/run.groovy
Mar 03, 2020 1:50:47 PM jenkins.model.Jenkins$5 runTask
WARNING: GroovyInitScript.init failed perhaps due to plugin dependency issues
java.lang.Error: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
at hudson.init.TaskMethodFinder.invoke(TaskMethodFinder.java:110)
at hudson.init.TaskMethodFinder$TaskImpl.run(TaskMethodFinder.java:175)
at org.jvnet.hudson.reactor.Reactor.runTask(Reactor.java:296)
at jenkins.model.Jenkins$5.runTask(Jenkins.java:1095)
at org.jvnet.hudson.reactor.Reactor$2.run(Reactor.java:214)
at org.jvnet.hudson.reactor.Reactor$Node.run(Reactor.java:117)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)
Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
at hudson.init.TaskMethodFinder.invoke(TaskMethodFinder.java:104)
... 8 more
I don't think that this has anything to do with the postbuildscript plugin.