When executing 

java -Xmx1g -jar slave.jar -jnlpUrl http://dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet/jenkins-iteb/computer/DFVIASTWHUDSON2/slave-agent.jnlp

I get

Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main createEngine
INFORMATION: Setting up slave: DFVIASTWHUDSON2
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener <init>
INFORMATION: Jenkins agent is running in headless mode.
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Locating server among http://dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet/jenkins-iteb/
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Agent discovery successful
{{ Agent address: dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet}}
{{ Agent port: 50000}}
{{ Identity: 13:74:a6:18:f1:96:9c:cb:69:57:26:b1:a2:17:f2:c9}}
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Handshaking
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Connecting to dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet:50000
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Trying protocol: JNLP4-connect
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer onRecv
SCHWERWIEGEND: [JNLP4-connect connection to dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet/10.241.209.26:50000]
javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: General SSLEngine problem
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.checkThrown(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.checkTaskThrown(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.writeAppRecord(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.wrap(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine.wrap(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer.processRead(SSLEngineFilterLayer.java:392)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer.onRecv(SSLEngineFilterLayer.java:117)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.ProtocolStack$Ptr.onRecv(ProtocolStack.java:669)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.NetworkLayer.onRead(NetworkLayer.java:136)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.BIONetworkLayer.access$2200(BIONetworkLayer.java:48)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.BIONetworkLayer$Reader.run(BIONetworkLayer.java:283)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine$1$1.run(Engine.java:94)}}
{{ at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)}}
Caused by: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: General SSLEngine problem
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Alerts.getSSLException(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.fatal(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.fatalSE(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.fatalSE(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.ClientHandshaker.serverCertificate(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.ClientHandshaker.processMessage(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.processLoop(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker$1.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker$1.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker$DelegatedTask.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer.processRead(SSLEngineFilterLayer.java:382)}}
{{ ... 9 more}}
Caused by: java.security.cert.CertificateException: Public key of the first certificate in chain (subject: C=US, OU=jenkins.io, O=instances, CN=74df086770b5c378864b03273a8576ae) is
{{ not in the list of trusted keys}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.cert.PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.checkPublicKey(PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.java:216)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.cert.PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.checkServerTrusted(PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.java:263)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.cert.DelegatingX509ExtendedTrustManager.checkServerTrusted(DelegatingX509ExtendedTrustManager.java:148)}}
{{ ... 17 more}}Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Protocol JNLP4-connect encountered an unexpected exception
java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: General SSLEngine problem
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.util.SettableFuture.get(SettableFuture.java:223)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.innerRun(Engine.java:385)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.run(Engine.java:287)}}
Caused by: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: General SSLEngine problem
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.checkThrown(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.checkTaskThrown(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.writeAppRecord(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.wrap(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at javax.net.ssl.SSLEngine.wrap(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer.processRead(SSLEngineFilterLayer.java:392)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer.onRecv(SSLEngineFilterLayer.java:117)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.ProtocolStack$Ptr.onRecv(ProtocolStack.java:669)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.NetworkLayer.onRead(NetworkLayer.java:136)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.BIONetworkLayer.access$2200(BIONetworkLayer.java:48)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.BIONetworkLayer$Reader.run(BIONetworkLayer.java:283)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine$1$1.run(Engine.java:94)}}
{{ at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)}}
Caused by: javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: General SSLEngine problem
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Alerts.getSSLException(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.SSLEngineImpl.fatal(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.fatalSE(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.fatalSE(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.ClientHandshaker.serverCertificate(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.ClientHandshaker.processMessage(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker.processLoop(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker$1.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker$1.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)}}
{{ at sun.security.ssl.Handshaker$DelegatedTask.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.SSLEngineFilterLayer.processRead(SSLEngineFilterLayer.java:382)}}
{{ ... 9 more}}
Caused by: java.security.cert.CertificateException: Public key of the first certificate in chain (subject: C=US, OU=jenkins.io, O=instances, CN=74df086770b5c378864b03273a8576ae) is
{{ not in the list of trusted keys}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.cert.PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.checkPublicKey(PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.java:216)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.cert.PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.checkServerTrusted(PublicKeyMatchingX509ExtendedTrustManager.java:263)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.cert.DelegatingX509ExtendedTrustManager.checkServerTrusted(DelegatingX509ExtendedTrustManager.java:148)}}
{{ ... 17 more}}Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Connecting to dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet:50000
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Server reports protocol JNLP4-plaintext not supported, skipping
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Trying protocol: JNLP3-connect
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Protocol JNLP3-connect encountered an unexpected exception
java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.ConnectionRefusalException: JNLP3-connect: Incorrect challenge response from master
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.innerRun(Engine.java:385)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.run(Engine.java:287)}}
Caused by: org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.ConnectionRefusalException: JNLP3-connect: Incorrect challenge response from master
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.JnlpProtocol3Handler.sendHandshake(JnlpProtocol3Handler.java:213)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.JnlpProtocol3Handler.sendHandshake(JnlpProtocol3Handler.java:123)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler$2.call(LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler.java:162)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler$2.call(LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler.java:158)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine$1$1.run(Engine.java:94)}}
{{ at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)}}Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Connecting to dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet:50000
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Trying protocol: JNLP2-connect
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Protocol JNLP2-connect encountered an unexpected exception
java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.ConnectionRefusalException: Server didn't accept the handshake:
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.innerRun(Engine.java:385)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.run(Engine.java:287)}}
Caused by: org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.ConnectionRefusalException: Server didn't accept the handshake:
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.JnlpProtocol2Handler.sendHandshake(JnlpProtocol2Handler.java:134)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler$2.call(LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler.java:162)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler$2.call(LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler.java:158)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine$1$1.run(Engine.java:94)}}
{{ at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)}}Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Connecting to dfvvt01seuops.somebank.somenet:50000
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Trying protocol: JNLP-connect
Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener status
INFORMATION: Protocol JNLP-connect encountered an unexpected exception
java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException: org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.ConnectionRefusalException: Server didn't accept the handshake:
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.report(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.get(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.innerRun(Engine.java:385)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.run(Engine.java:287)}}
Caused by: org.jenkinsci.remoting.protocol.impl.ConnectionRefusalException: Server didn't accept the handshake:
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.JnlpProtocol1Handler.sendHandshake(JnlpProtocol1Handler.java:121)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler$2.call(LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler.java:162)}}
{{ at org.jenkinsci.remoting.engine.LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler$2.call(LegacyJnlpProtocolHandler.java:158)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine$1$1.run(Engine.java:94)}}
{{ at java.lang.Thread.run(Unknown Source)}}Mõr 30, 2017 9:29:36 AM hudson.remoting.jnlp.Main$CuiListener error
SCHWERWIEGEND: The server rejected the connection: None of the protocols were accepted
java.lang.Exception: The server rejected the connection: None of the protocols were accepted
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.onConnectionRejected(Engine.java:484)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.innerRun(Engine.java:448)}}
{{ at hudson.remoting.Engine.run(Engine.java:287)}} 

I don't care for the JNLP3 and JNLP4 issues right now (because I don't need encryption at the moment), but I would expect at least JNLP2 to work. Looks like JENKINS-39232 is not fixed after all.

Related: JENKINS-39232, JENKINS-40668