I had the same problem when installing Jenkins 2.89.3 from the repo to either Centos 7 or Ubuntu 17.10, except I do not have any exceptions in jenkins.log. I stopped the service and restarted. Jenkins then skipped the setup procedures and asked me to login. I attempted to login using the credentials I created, but that didn't work. I logged in using admin with the secret password and that worked.
When I then looked under People, only the admin user was there. I then went to Manage Jenkins, Manage Users and created the user using the same info as I tried during setup. This worked. My Jenkins install on Ubuntu is now working fine.
I just noticed https://issues.jenkins-ci.org/browse/JENKINS-34255, which is a duplicate.