The build history is not shown in all of our external jobs. 

I would expect it to be shown in the sidebar:

the builds are written to filesystem but not shown in GUI

for above example: /var/lib/docker/volumes/jenkins-docker_jenkins_home/_data/jobs/Test_BuildHistoryMissing/builds

Accessing builds directly via URL is possible. Example: https://\{...}/job/Test_BuildHistoryMissing/9/

Same for buildTimeTrend. Example: https://\{...}/job/Test_BuildHistoryMissing/buildTimeTrend